The Constitution (First Amendment) Act,
1951
The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956
The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960
The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961
The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961
The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962
The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962
The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966
The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966
The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969
The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971
The Constitution (Twenty-fifth) Amendment Act, 1971
The Constitution (Twenty-eight Amendment) Act, 1972
The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972
The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973
The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974
The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988
The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990
The Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990
The Constitution (sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1991
The Constitution (Sixty-eight Amendment) Act, 1991
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991
The Constitution (Seventy Amendment) Act, 1992
The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992
The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992
The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992
The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993
The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994
The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995
The Constitution (Seventy-eight Amendment) act 1995
The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act 1999
The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000
The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000
The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000
The Constitution (Eighth-third Amendment) Act, 2000
The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001
The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2001
The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002
The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003
The Constitution (Eighty-Eight Amendment) Act, 2003
The Constitution (Eighty- ninth Amendment) Act, 2003
The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003
The Constitution (Ninety-one Amendment) Act, 2003
The Constitution (Ninety- two Amendment) Act, 2003
The Constitution (Ninety- third Amendment) Act, 2005
In June 1951, the Constitution
(First Amendment) Act was passed, and the following Amendment in the
Constitution were inserted : (i) To Article 15, a new clause (4) was added:
(ii) clauses (2) and (6) of Article 19 were recast; (iii) After Article 31,
Article 31A and 31B were inserted; (iv) For Original Article 85, a new Article
was substituted; (v) In Article 87, clauses (1) and (2) were recast; (vi) For
the Original Article 174, a new Article was substituted; (vii) In Article 176,
clauses (1) and (2) were recast: (viii) Clause (1) of Article 341 was recast;
and similarly, clause (1) of Article 342, sub-clause (a) of Article 342, sub
clause (a) of clause (3) of Article 372, and clause (1) of Article 376 were
also recast; (ix) After the Eight Schedule to the Constitution a Ninth Schedule
was added and thirteen laws passed by State Legislatures were included in it so
that those Acts might not be challenged in courts.
The main purpose of the Amendment was the removal of certain practical difficulties created by court decisions in several cases such as Kameshwar Singh vs. State of Bihar, Romesh Thapar vs. State of Madras, Brij Bhusan vs. State of Delhi and Motilal vs. Government of Uttar Pradesh. The issues involved in these cases were numerous, such as the scope of the fundamental right of freedom of speech, acquisition of Zamindari (land) of intermediaries, conflict between a citizen’s fundamental right to practise any profession, or to carry on any business or trade (Article 19) and state monopoly of any trade, and so on.
The main purpose of the Amendment was the removal of certain practical difficulties created by court decisions in several cases such as Kameshwar Singh vs. State of Bihar, Romesh Thapar vs. State of Madras, Brij Bhusan vs. State of Delhi and Motilal vs. Government of Uttar Pradesh. The issues involved in these cases were numerous, such as the scope of the fundamental right of freedom of speech, acquisition of Zamindari (land) of intermediaries, conflict between a citizen’s fundamental right to practise any profession, or to carry on any business or trade (Article 19) and state monopoly of any trade, and so on.
The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act,
1952
The Second Amendment amended
Article 81 in order to remove the prescribed limit of 7,50,000 of the
population for one member to be elected to the Lok Sabha. According to the
original provision, at least on member was to be elected to the Lok Sabha for
every 7,50,000 of the population. It was further provided that the maximum
number of elected member to the Lok Sabha should not exceed 500.
The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act,
1954
The Third Amendment brought
about changes in the Seventh Schedule consisting of the three legislative lists
and entry 33 of the Concurrent List was substituted by a new one.
The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act,
1955
Article 31 and 31A were amended by the Constitution Fourth
Amendment Act. Clause (2) of Article 31 clause (1) of Article 31A were
substituted by new clauses as. As a result of these, the adequacy of the
quantum of compensation paid for the compulsory acquisition of property for ‘a
public purpose’ could not be questioned in a court of law. It also amended
Article 305 and the Ninth Schedule.
The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act,
1955
The Constitutional Fifth
Amendment Act amended Article 3. in the Constitution there was no time limit
during which a State Legislature should express its boundaries, which the
Centre may like to make. With the help of this amendment is was provided that
the State will be required to express its views on such matters within such
period as may be specified in the reference or within such further period, as
the President may allow.
The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act,
1956
In this Act, the Seventh
Schedule to the Constitution was amended and in the Union List, a new entry was
added after entry 92 in the State List, a new entry was substituted for entry
54. it also amended Articles 269 and 286 dealing with inter-state Sales-tax.
The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956
The Seventh Amendment brought
about the most comprehensive changes so fair in the Constitution. This
amendment was designed to implement the State Reorganisation Act. The Second
and Seventh schedules were substantially amended for the purpose of the States
Reorganization Act.
The Constitution (Eight Amendment) Act,
1959
The Act extended the period of
reservation seats in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures for the Anglo-Indians,
the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by another 10 years.
The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960
It provided for the transfer of
certain territories of India to Pakistan under and agreement between India and
Pakistan as a part of a comprehensive settlement of border disputes between the
two countries.
The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961
The Tenth Amendment integrates
the areas of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Union of India and provides
for their administration under the regulation making powers of the President.
The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961
It amends Article 71 so as to
make it clear that the election of the President or the Vice-President shall
not be challenges on the ground of any vacancy for whatever reason in the
appropriate electoral college. It also obviates the necessity of a joint
meeting of the two Houses of Parliament (Article 66) by constituting them into
an electoral college for the election of the Vice-President.
The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962
The main object of the
Amendment was to add Union Territories of Goa, Daman and Diu to the Union of
India and for this First Schedule of the Constitution was amended.
The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment)
Act, 1962
The Act provides the creation
of Nagaland as the Sixteenth State of the Union. The Amendment provides also
for the vesting of certain special responsibilities in the Governor of
Nagaland.
The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962
The amendment provides for the
incorporation of the former French Establishments in India, under the name
Pondicherry, as an integral part of the territory of the Indian Union. it also
amended Article 31 to increase, from a maximum 20 to 25, the number of seats
assigned in the Lok Sabha for the Union Territories.
The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act,
1963
The amendment raised the
retirement age of High Court. Judge from 60 to 62 years. It also empowered the
various High Courts to hear cases against to the Union Government.
The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act,
1963
The Act seeks to enable
Parliament to make laws provident penalty for any person questioning the
sovereignty and integrity of India. Under the provisions of the this Amendment,
a person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament or in
the Legislature of State unless, inter-alia, he maker or subscribes
before a person authorised by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation
that he will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and will uphold
the sovereignty and integrity of India.
The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment)
Act, 1964
The Act amend the definition of
the term ‘estate’ in Article 31A to include lands held under ryotwari
settlement and also other lands in respect of which provisions are normally
made in land reform enact-ments. It also amends the Ninth Schedule of the
Constitution to include therein 44 State enactment relation to land reforms in
order to remove any uncertainty or dobut that may arise with regard to their
validity.
The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment)
Act, 1966
The amendment provides for the
creation of new States, namely, Punjab and Haryana as a result of the
reorganisation of the former State of Punjab and the Union Territory of
Himachal Pradesh.
The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966
The Act modified Article 324 so
as to terminate the jurisdiction of election tribunals to decide election
disputes. The Amendment withdrew from the Election Commission the power of
setting up election tribunals.
The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966
The Act inserts a new Article
233A immediately after Article 233 in order to validate the appointment of
District Judges, which might not have conformed fully to the different
Constitutional requirements, which were in existent prior to 1966.
The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment)
Act, 1967
It amended the Eight Schedule
to the Constitution by including ‘Sindhi’ therein.
The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment)
Act, 1969
The amendment conferred
legislative power on Parliament for the purpose of creating and autonomous Hill
State within the State of Assam. Accordingly, Parliament passed the Assam
Reorganization (Meghalaya) Act 1969 to set up the State of Meghalaya within the
State of Assam.
The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969
It deals with the questions of
reservation of seat in Parliament and State Assemblies for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indian and further extend the period of reservation
by another ten years, which means in effect thirty years from the commencement
of the Constitution.
The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971
It amends Article 13 and 368
with a view to removing all possible doubts regarding the power of Parliament
to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof. It gets over the Golak Nath
ruling and asserts the power of Parliament, denied to in the Golak Nath, to
amend fundamental rights.
The Constitution (Twenty-fifth) Amendment Act, 1971
The 25th amendment of the
Constitution in 1971 added a new clause, Article 31C to the Constitution. Upto
1971, the position was that fundamental rights prevailed over the directive
principles of State Policy and that a law enacted to implement a directive
principle could not be valid if it conflicted with a fundamental right. Article
31C sought to change this relationship to some extent by conferring primacy on
Articles 39(b) and 39(c) over Articles 14, 19 and 31.
The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment)
Act, 1971
It abolishes Articles 291 and
362 of the Constitution and also inserts a new Article 362A after Article 363.
the cumulative effect of these changes is the end of the recognition granted to
the former rulers of Indian States and the abolition of Privy Purses.
The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment)
Act, 1971
The Act was enacted to
implement the decision to establish the Union Territory of Mizoram. It
empowered Parliament to create a legislature and Council of Minister for the
new territory.
The Constitution (Twenty-eight Amendment) Act, 1972
The amendment deletes Article
314 of the Constitution, whish had given protection to the I.C.S. Officers,
condition of service and privileges and inserted a new Article 312A.
The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972
By the twenty-ninth Amendment
Act, 1972 two Kerala Acts dealing with land reforms were included in the 9th
Schedule to the Constitution.
The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act,
1972
By this amendment Article 133
was recast so as to redefine the Civil Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court. The result of this Amendment is that while any case involving an
important question of law can reach the Supreme Court by way of appeal, a case
however large the amount involved therein but involving no substantial point of
law, would fail to reach the Supreme Court.
The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973
By this amendment, the strength
of the Lok Sabha was increased from 525 to 545 members. This was done to
accommodate the increase in population as revealed by the 1971 Census.
Accordingly, Article 81(i)(a) was suitably amended.
The Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment)
Act, 1973
The amendment Act was enacted
to make few special provisions for the State of Andhra Pradash to satisfy the
aspirations of the people of the Telangana region.
The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974
It amended Articles 101 and
190. Before this Amendment, the resignation of a member of legislature became
effective the moment it was tendered. This position is now changed. A
resignation becomes effective only after it has been accepted by the Presiding
Officer of the House concerned who may refuse to accept the same if he is
satisfied that the resignation is not voluntary or genuine. This precautionary
provision appeared to be necessary to avoid the members of Parliament or state
legislatures being forced to resign.
The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment)
Act, 1974
By this amendment twenty State
Acts concerning land ceiling and land tenure reforms were added to the Ninth
Schedule to the Constitution.
The Constitution (Thirty-fifth and
Thirty-sixth Amendment) Acts, 1974-1975
The 35th Amendment Act
introduced and innovation in the Indian Constitution by conferring on Sikkim
the status of an associate in the Indian Union. This was however, a short-lined
experiment. The people of Sikkim desired to be and integral part of India.
Accordingly, the Constitution Thirty-sixth Amendment Act was enacted in 1975 to
confer full-fledged statehood on Sikkim.
The Constitution (Thirty-seventh Amendment)
Act, 1975
The Amendment upgraded the
status of Arunachal Pradesh as a Union Territory. Articles 239A and 240 were
amended so as to authorize Parliament to create for Arunachal Pradesh a
Legislature and Council of Ministers.
The Constitution (Thirty-eight Amendment)
Act, 1975
This Amendment Act was enacted
during the emergency to make certain modification in the emergency provisions.
The Presidential ‘satisfaction’ to issue a proclamation was declared to be
final and conclusive. A classificatory clause was added to Article 356(1) so as
to make Presidential ‘satisfaction’ to issue a proclamation there under as
‘final and conclusive’ which shall not be questioned in any court on any
ground.
This Amendment also declared that the ‘satisfaction’ of the president and a State Governor to issue ordinances would be ‘final and conclusive’ and shall not be questioned in any court on any ground’.
This Amendment also declared that the ‘satisfaction’ of the president and a State Governor to issue ordinances would be ‘final and conclusive’ and shall not be questioned in any court on any ground’.
The Constitution (Thirty-ninth) Amendment)
Act, 1975
The voiding of the election the
Lok Sabha of PM Indira Gandhi by the Allahabad High Court in 1975 on the
pertion of Raj Narain led to the enactment of the 39th Amendment Act, 1975. it
introduced changes in the method deciding election disputes relating to the
four high official of the state, viz. President, Vice-President, Prime Minister
and the Speaker. Under the new Article 71(2), Parliament by the law was to
establish some ‘authority’ or ‘body’ for deciding such disputes, and its
decisions have not be challengeable in any court.
The Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act,
1976
The Amendment Act extended
immunity to 64 Central and State statues by including them in the IX Schedule.
These statues pertained to lad reform, Urban Ceiling and prevention of
publication of objectionable matter.
The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment)
Act, 1976
The Constitution Forty-first
Amendment Act, 1976 raised the age of retirement of the chairman and members of
state public service Commissions from 60 to 62.
The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment)
Act, 1976
The 42nd Constitutional
Amendment Act brought a number of changes in the Constitution. The Act inter-alia gave
preponderance to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental
Rights. Established the supremacy of Parliament and curtailed the powers of
Judiciary. The Act was first of its kind. Is was the most comprehensive Act and
touched almost all the sensitive areas of the Constitution. The Amendment was
meant to enhance enormously the strength of the Government.
The major Amendments made in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act are:
The major Amendments made in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act are:
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The Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977
In 1977, the Emergency came to
an end the Janata Party came into power. It made an election pledge that it
would repeal the 42nd Amendment and restore the status quo ante. The 43rd
Amendment repealed some of the provisions of the 42nd Amendment. Article 31D
has also been omitted.
The Constitution (Forty-forth
Amendment) Act, 1978
The 44th Amendment passed in
1978 undid most of the distortions introduced into the Constitution by the 42nd
Amendment of the Constitution. The salient features of the Amendment Act are as
follows :
1. It reduced the life of Lok Sabha and State Legislative
Assemblies again to five years and thus restored the status quo ante.
2. It cancelled 39th Amendment which had deprived the Supreme Court
of its jurisdiction to decide disputes concerning election of the President and
the Vice-President.
3. A new provision was added to Article 74(1) saying that the
President cold require the council of ministers to reconsider its advice to
him, either generally or otherwise and the President should Act in accordance
with the advice tendered after such re-consideration.
4. Article 257A was omitted.
5. It has been provided that an Emergency can be proclaimed only on
the basic of written advice tendered to the President by the cabinet.
6. Right the property has been taken out from the list of
Fundamental Rights and has been declared a legal right.
The Constitution (Forty-fifth
Amendment) Act, 1980
The purpose of the Amendment
was to continue reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies for another 10 years, i.e., upto 1990. the same concession is
extended to the Anglo-Indians who may have representation by nomination in
these chambers.
The Constitution (Forty-sixth
Amendment) Act, 1982
The Forty-sixth Amendment
enables the State Governments to plug loopholes and realise sales-tax dues on
the one hand and on the other aims at bringing about some uniformity in tax
rates in case of certain items.
The Constitution (Forty-seventh
Amendment) Act, 1984
This Amendment adds 14 State
Acts dealing with land to the IX Schedule.
The Constitution (Forty-eight
Amendment) Act, 1984
The purpose of the Amendment
was to extend President’s rule in Punjab for two years. Under Article 356(5)
President’s rule can last in a State for a maximum period of one year. But the
conditions in Punjab did not permit holding of fresh elections and accordingly,
extension of President’s rule became imperative.
The Constitution (Forty-ninth
Amendment) Act, 1984
the purpose of this Amendment
is to take out the Tribal areas of Tripura from Schedule V and put them in
Schedule VI.
The Constitution (Fiftieth
Amendment) Act, 1984
This Amendment substitutes an
expounded Article 33 for the old Article by the new Article 33, Parliament is
authorised to curtail the fundamental rights of the members of the armed
forces, forces charged with the maintenance of public order, intelligence
organisations or telecommunication systems set up for any force or intelligence
bureau, with a view to ensure the proper discharge of duties by and maintenance
of discipline among those persons in the interest of country’s security.
The Constitution (Fifty-first
Amendment) Act, 1984
the Amendment effectuates
some changes in Articles 330 and 332 with a view to provide for reservation of
seats in the Lok Sabha for Scheduled tribes in Meghalaya, Aruncahal Pradesh and
Mizoram, as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.
The Constitution (Fifty-second
Amendment) Act, 1985
The amendment is designed to
prevent the scourge of defection of members of Parliament and State
legislatures from one political party to another.
The Constitution (Fifty-third
Amendment) Act, 1986
The amendment Act elevated the
Union Territory of Mizoram to the status of a State.
The Constitution (Fifty-fourth
Amendment) Act,1986
The Salaries of the Judges of
the Supreme Court and the High Courts have been enhanced by the 54th Amendment
Act, 1986. accordingly, a Judge of the Supreme Court gets a salary of Rs. 9,000
per mensem and the salary of the Chief Justice is Rs. 10,000 per mensem. A
Judge of the High Court gets a salary of Rs. 8,000 per mensem and the salary of
the Chief Justice of the High Courts is Rs. 9,000 per mensem.
The Constitution (Fifty-fifth
Amendment) Act, 1986
The Union Territory of Arunchal
Pradesh was elevated to the status of a State by the 55th Amendment Act.
The Constitution (Fifty-sixth
Amendment) Act, 1987
Constitution (56the Amendment)
Act, 1987 inserting Article 394A, to make the Hindi text of the Constitution
authoritative.
The Constitution (Fifty-seventh
Amendment) Act, 1987
The Constitution (57th
Amendment) Act, 1987 with the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 lifts
Goa from the status of Union Territory to that of the 25th State of the Union
of India.
The Constitution (Fifty-eight
Amendment) Act, 1987
The Amendment Act provides the
reservation of seats for tribals in the Legislative Assemblies of Arunchal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
The Constitution (Fifty-ninth
Amendment) Act, 1988
The Act empowered the
Government to impose emergency in Punjab on the grounds that india’s integrity
was threatened by internal disturbances.
The Constitution (Sixtieth
Amendment) Act, 1988
The Amendment Act authoriese
State Governments to increase the ceiling on professional tax from Rs. 250 to
Rs. 2,500 per person per annum.
The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988
The 61st Amendment reduces the
voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly election.
The Constitution (Sixty-second
Amendment) Act, 1990
The 62nd Amendment Act extends
by 10 years the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies as well as nomination
representatives of the Anglo-Indian community.
The Constitution (Sixty-third
Amendment) Act, 1990
The Amendment Act repealed the
59th Constitution amendment which empowered the Government to impose emergency
in Punjab.
The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990
The Amendments Act seeks to
extend President’s rule in Punjab for further six months.
The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment)
Act, 1990
Article 338 of the Constitution
has been amended for the Constitution of a National Commission for Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes consisting of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and five
other members who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand
and seal.
The Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990
The Act protects fifty-five
State Acts relating to land reforms and ceiling on agricultural land holdings,
enacted by States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, West
Bengal and Union Territory of Pondicherry, from challenge in courts, by including
them in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution.
The Constitution (sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1991
The Amendment Act seeks to
extend President’s rule in Punjab for further six months i.e., upto may
10,1991.
The Constitution (Sixty-eight Amendment) Act, 1991
The Amendment Act seeks to
extend President’s Rule in Punjab for further six months after May 1991.
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991
The Amendment Act seeks grant
of Statehood to Delhi as ‘National Capital Territory of Delhi’. It also
provides a 70 member assembly and a 7 member Council Ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (Seventy Amendment) Act, 1992
It facilitates for members of
Delhi and Pondicherry assemblies to participate in the election of the
President.
The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992
The amendment facilitates for
the inclusion of Napali, Manipuri and Konkani in the eight schedule of the
Constitution. With the inclusion of these three languages, the number of
languages in the Eight Schedules goes up to 18.
The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992
For restoring peace and harmony
in the areas of the State of Tripura where disturbed conditions prevailed,
Memorandum of Settlement was signed by the Government of India with Tripura National
Volunteers on August 12,1988.
In order to implement the said Memorandum, Article 332 of the Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992 for making a temporary provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State Assemble of Tripura, until the re adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under Article 170 of the Constitution
In order to implement the said Memorandum, Article 332 of the Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992 for making a temporary provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State Assemble of Tripura, until the re adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under Article 170 of the Constitution
The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992
The Seventy-third Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1992 was passed by the Parliament on December 22nd, 1992 which
was notified by the Central Government through Official Gazette on April
20,1993 as it gote rectification by the State legislatures and was assented to
by the President of India. After notification the Panchayati Raj institutions
have now got Constitutional legitimacy.
After part VIII of the Constitution a separate part IX has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and fresh schedule called Eleventh schedule enumerating the powers and functions of Panchayti Raj Institutions has been incorporated. The Act provides for Gram Sabha, a three-tiermodel of Panchayati Raj, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women.
After part VIII of the Constitution a separate part IX has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and fresh schedule called Eleventh schedule enumerating the powers and functions of Panchayti Raj Institutions has been incorporated. The Act provides for Gram Sabha, a three-tiermodel of Panchayati Raj, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women.
The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment)
Act, 1992
The Act provides constitutional
status to urban local bodies. After part VIII of the Constitution a separate
part IXA has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A
and fresh schedule called Twelfth schedule enumerating the powers and functions
of urban local bodies has been incorporated. The Act provides Municipal
Panchayat, Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation, reservation of seats
for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of
seats for women.
The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993
It has amended Article 323-B
and added a new clause (h) providing for establishment of tribunals for rent
control cases.
The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994
This Amendment Act raises the
reservation quota of government jobs and seats for admission in the educational
institutions in favour of socially and educationally backward classes to 69 per
cent in Tamil Nadu. Further, the Amendment Act has been included in the Ninth
Schedule of the Constitution to exempt it from the purview of judicial
scrutiny.
The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995
This Amendment has added a new
clause (4-a) to Article 16 of the Constitution which empowers the State to make
any provisions for reservation in promotions in Government jobs in favour of
SCs and STs, if it is of opinion that they are inadequately represented in the
services under the State. This has been done to nullify the effect of the
Supreme Court Judgment in the Mandal Commission Case (Indra Sawhney vs.
Union of India) in which the Court has held that reservation in
promotions cannot be made.
The Constitution (Seventy-eight Amendment) act 1995
This amendment has amended the
Ninth schedule of the Constitution and inserted 27 Land Reform Act of Various
States in the Ninth Schedule. After this the total number of Act included in
the Ninth Schedule has gone upto 284. now these Acts cannot be challenged in
the courts on the plea for the violation of Fundamental Rights.
The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act 1999
By this Act the Government has
extended the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes as well as fro the Anglo-Indians in the House of the People and in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States for another ten years.
The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000
Based on the recommendations of
the Tenth Finance Commissions, an alternative scheme for sharing taxes between
the Union and the State has been enacted by the Constitution (Eightieth
Amendment) Act, 2000. Under the new scheme of devolution of revenue between
Union and the States, 26 per cent out of gross proceeds of union taxes and
duties is to be assigned to the States in lieu of their existing share in the
income-tax, excise duties special excise duties and grants in lieu of tax on
railway passenger fares.
The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000
By this amendment the unfilled
vacancies of a year which reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision of
reservations made under Article 16 of the Constitution shall be considered as a
separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years,
and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies
of the year in which they were filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty
per cent reservation against total number of vacancies of that year.
The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000
The amendment provides that
nothing in Article 335 shall prevent the State from making any provisions in
favour of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for
relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of
evaluation for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of
services or posts in connection with affairs of the Union or of a State.
The Constitution (Eighth-third Amendment) Act, 2000
The Act amended0 Article 243M
of the Constitution to provide that no reservation in Panchayats need be made
in favour of the Scheduled Castes in Arunachal Pradesh wholly inhabited by
tribal population.
The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001
The Act amended provisions to
Article 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution to readjust and rationalise the
territorial constituencies in the States, without altering the number of seats
allotted to each State in the House of People and Legislative Assemblies of the
States, including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Constituencies, on
the basis of the population ascertained at the census for the year 1991 so as
to remove the imbalance caused due to uneven growth of population/electorate in
different constituencies.
The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2001
This Act amended Article 16
(4A) of the Constitution to provide for consequential seniority in the case of
promotion by virtue of rule of reservation for Government servants belonging to
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002
With a view to making right to
free and compulsory education a fundamental right, the Act inserts a new
Article, namely, Article 21A conferring on all children in the age group of 6
to 14 years the right to free and compulsory education. The Act amends in Part-III,
Part –IV and Part-IV(A) of the Constitution.
The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003
The Amendment provides for
readjustment of electoral constituencies, including those reserved for the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, based on the population census for
the year 2001, without affecting the number of seats allocated to States in the
legislative bodies.
The Constitution (Eighty-Eight Amendment) Act, 2003
The Act amends Article 268, 270
and VIIth Schedule of the Constitution. It adds 92C just after 92B and makes
provisions for Tax on Services.
The Constitution (Eighty- ninth Amendment) Act, 2003
The Act adds Article 338A and
provides for the creation of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003
The Act amends Article 332 and
adds section (6) regarding representation in the Bodo Territorial Areas
District in the State of Assam.
The Constitution (Ninety-one Amendment) Act, 2003
The Act makes provisions for
limiting the size of the Council of Ministers at the center and in the States
and gives teeth to debar a defector from holding any remunerative political
post for the remaining tenure of the legislature unless re-elected.
The Constitution (Ninety- two Amendment) Act, 2003
The Amendment facilitates for
the inclusion of Bodo, Dogari, Maithili and Sanhali in the VIII Schedule of the
Constitution. With the inclusion of these four languages, the number of
languages in the VIII Schedule goes upto 22.
The Constitution (Ninety- third Amendment) Act, 2005
Providing reservation for the
socially and educationally backward classes [O.B.C.], besides the Schedules Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes, in private unaided educational institutions.
The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006
The Constitution provides that
there shall be Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in
charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Casts and backward classes or any other
work in the State of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.
The Constitution (Ninety-fifth amendment) Act (25 January 2010)
Extended the reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State
Assemblies for SC and ST from sixty to seventy years.
The Constitution (Ninety-sixth amendment) Act (23 September 2011)
Substituted
"Odia" for "Oriya"
The Constitution (Ninety-seventh
amendment) Act (12 January 2012)
Added
the words "or co-operative societies" in Article 19(l)(c) and
inserted article 43B i.e, Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added
Part-IXB i.e, THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES